CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF FIGURES
DEVELOPMENT AND THE INCORPORATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL
CONCERNS IN DEVELOPMENT ANALYSIS
DEVELOPMENTALISM, PROGRESS AND GROWTH
MODERNIZATION AND THE WORLD POLITICAL ECONOMY
RETHINKING DEVELOPMENT: ALTERNATIVE PARADIGMS
INDUSTRIALIZATION AND DEVELOPMENT
SUMMARY TO FIRST SECTION
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Environmentally Sustainable Development as a Constant Stock of Resources
Principles of Sustainability Analysis
THE ROLE OF PLANNING
SUMMARY
PUERTO RICO: THE DEVELOPMENT MODEL AND THE ENVIRONMENT
DEVELOPMENT IN PUERTO RICOA Summary of Puerto Rico's Last 50 Years of DevelopmentDEVELOPMENT AND PATTERNS OF SOCIOECONOMIC CHANGE
Operation Bootstrap and the Take-Off
The Petrochemical Refining Era
The Economic and Environmental Crisis, Mid-1970S-90sSocioeconomic ImpactsDEVELOPMENT AND PATTERNS OF ENVIRONMENTALDEGRADATIONUnemployment
Poverty and Inequality
Quality of Life
Lifestyles and Consumption RatesThe EconomyPUERTO RICO AS A CASE STUDY
Industrialization Strategy -- Environmental Exemption as an Incentive
Institutional Framework and the Environment
Capital and Energy Substitution
A SYSTEMS APPROACH TO THE DESCRIPTION OF ECONOMIC-ENVIRONMENTAL RELATIONS IN PUERTO RICO
DEVELOPMENT OF DIAGRAMMATIC MODEL
MODEL STRUCTURE: PUERTO RICO AS AN ECONOMIC-ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEM
STRUCTURE OF THE REPRESENTATION
POPULATION SECTOREmploymentECOLOGY OF THE MANUFACTURING SECTOR IN PUERTO RICO
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
RESULTS: ENERGY, LAND, AND WASTE
ENERGY USEEnergy and the EconomyDEVELOPMENT AND LAND USE CHANGE
Economic Output and Fuel Energy Use
Energy and Employment
SummaryLand Use and Agricultural ProductionMUNICIPAL AND INDUSTRIAL WASTE
Methodology
Discussion
SummarySolid WasteCONCLUSIONS
Toxic and Hazardous Waste
Estimates of Toxic Waste Generation
Summary
ASSESSING ENVIRONMENTAL-ECONOMIC INTERACTIONS IN
PUERTO RICO
GENERAL METHODOLOGY
EFFECTS ON TOXIC WASTE RELEASES AND EMPLOYMENT OF GROWTH IN THE MANUFACTURING SECTOR
THE RELATIONSHIP EMPLOYMENT-MANUFACTURING GROWTHMethodologyEFFECT OF CHANGES IN LAND USE IN PUERTO RICO'S POTENTIAL POPULATION SUPPORTING CAPACITY
Data Projections
Manufacturing And The Environmental Limits
DiscussionData ProjectionsCONCLUSIONS
Discussion
CONCLUSIONS
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APPENDIX I
APPENDIX II
APPENDIX III
APPENDIX IV
APPENDIX V
VITA
TABLE
| 2.1 | GNP BY SECTORS FOR SELECTED YEARS BETWEEN 1950 AND 1987 |
| 2.2 | DIVERGENCE BETWEEN GNP AND GDP, 1950-88 |
| 2.3 | COEFFICIENTS OF IMPORT AND EXPORT DEPENDENCY |
| 2.4 | TOTAL AND NET CONTRIBUTION TO GNP FROM MANUFACTURING, 1950-82 |
| 2.5 | ENERGY USE DENSITY IN THE 12 COUNTRIES OF HIGHER ENERGY USE DENSITY AND THE UNITED STATES IN 1986 |
| 3.1 | COMPARISON OF POPULATION DENSITIES AND ARABLE LAND IN SELECTED COUNTRIES AND ISLANDS |
| 3.2 | FORECAST OF POPULATION GROWTH FOR SELECTED YEARS BETWEEN 1980 AND 2015 |
| 3.3 | LABOR FORCE, PARTICIPATION RATE AND RATE OF UNEMPLOYMENT FOR SELECTED YEARS 1940-1988 |
| 3.4 | SUMMARY OF MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY INPUTS, 1982 |
| 3.5 | SUMMARY OF MAIN MANUFACTURING SECTOR OUTPUTS, 1982 |
| 3.6 | EMPLOYMENT, ENERGY USE, AND TOXIC WASTE RELEASE RATIOS FOR MANUFACTURING SECTOR, 1987 |
| 4.1 | SIGNIFICANCE OF ENERGY COSTS IN THE PUERTO RICAN ECONOMY |
| 4.2 | VALUE OF LOCAL AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION AS PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL FOOD CONSUMPTION |
| 4.3 | FARMLAND AND FARMS FOR SELECTED YEARS |
| 4.4 | FORESTED LAND AND ESTIMATES OF NONAGRICULTURAL, NON-FOREST LAND USE FOR SELECTED YEARS |
| 4.5 | PROJECTION OF FARMLAND AREA UNDER THREE DIFFERENT SCENARIOS, 1987-2015 |
| 4.6 | PROJECTION OF CHANGES IN FORESTED LAND AREA, 1987-2015 |
| 4.7 | PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY POTENTIAL LOST DUE TO SHIFT OF FARMLAND TO OTHER USES IN THREE SCENARIOS |
| 4.8 | TOXIC WASTE RELEASED, VALUE ADDED, AND EMPLOYMENT BY MAJOR INDUSTRIAL ACTIVITIES IN PUERTO RICO, 1988 |
| 4.9 | TEN TOXIC CHEMICALS REPORTED RELEASED TO THE ENVIRONMENT BY INDUSTRY IN TOTAL POUNDS AND PERCENTAGE BY MAIN INDUSTRIAL DISCHARGERS, 1988 |
| 5.1 | PROJECTIONS OF EMPLOYMENT AND TOXIC WASTE RELEASE FOR THE MANUFACTURING SECTOR BASED ON ASSUMPTIONS OF GROWTH |
| 5.2 | TOXIC WASTE RELEASE ESTIMATES FOR THE MANUFACTURING SECTOR BASED ON EMPLOYMENT PROJECTION TO YEAR 2015 |
| 5.3 | SUMMARY OF POTENTIAL FOR SUPPORTING PEOPLE ESTIMATES IN PERCENT OF TOTAL PROJECTED POPULATION FOR SELECTED YEARS |
FIGURE
| 1.1 | THE POSITION OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AMONGST OTHER PARADIGMS |
| 2.1 | CHANGE IN ENERGY CONSUMPTION, 1968-88 |
| 2.2 | EMPLOYMENT BY MAIN SECTORS 1940-88 |
| 2.3 | PARTICIPATION RATES AND UNEMPLOYMENT, 1940-88 |
| 2.4 | SIMPLE DIAGRAMMATIC REPRESENTATION OF PUERTO RICO'S ECONOMIC STRUCTURE |
| 2.5 | POLLUTION CLUSTERING INDICATED BY SUPERFUND NATIONAL PRIORITY LIST SITES AND CANDIDATES |
| 3.1 | DIAGRAMMATIC REPRESENTATION OF THE SYSTEM |
| 3.2 | DETAILED REPRESENTATION OF THE PUERTO RICAN SYSTEM INCLUDING SUBDIVISIONS |
| 3.3 | SOME VALUES FOR FLOWS AND STATE VARIABLES IN PR |
| 3.4 | POPULATION GROWTH, 1940-88 |
| 3.5 | ACTUAL POPULATION AND GROWTH FORECAST, 1980-2015 |
| 3.6 | EMPLOYMENT BY MAIN SECTORS |
| 3.7 | DIAGRAM OF THE MANUFACTURING SECTOR |
| 4.1 | POPULATION, GNP, AND ENERGY USE ANNUAL CHANGE, 1969-88 |
| 4.2 | TOTAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN BTU'S, 1968 TO 1988 |
| 4.3 | GDP, GNP, AND TOTAL ENERGY USE IN PUERTO RICO FROM 1966 TO 1988 |
| 4.4 | GDP AND ENERGY USE IN PUERTO RICO, 1975-88 |
| 4.5 | ANNUAL RATES OF CHANGE IN GDP AND ENERGY USE |
| 4.6 | ENERGY USE YIELD |
| 4.7 | CHANGE IN FARMLAND AREA FROM 1950 TO 1987 |
| 5.1 | PROJECTION OF PERCENT OF WORK FORCE ABSORBED BY MANUFACTURING |
| 5.2 | PROJECTION OF PERCENT OF WORK FORCE ABSORBED BY "OTHER SECTORS" |
| 5.3 | PROJECTION OF TOTAL LABOR DEMAND BY MANUFACTURING AND OTHER SECTORS UNDER DIFFERENT ASSUMPTIONS |
| 5.4 | PROJECTION OF MANUFACTURING SECTOR LABOR DEMAND AS A PERCENT OF WORK FORCE ASSUMING TWO RATES OF GDP GROWTH |
| 5.5 | PROJECTION OF OTHER SECTORS LABOR DEMAND AS A PERCENT OF WORK FORCE USING TWO RATES OF GDP GROWTH |
| 5.6 | TOXIC WASTE RELEASE ESTIMATES AND PROJECTIONS, 1940-2015 |
| 5.7 | HISTORICAL DATA AND PROJECTION OF EMPLOYMENT UNDER ASSUMPTIONS OF HIGH AND LOW GROWTH RATES AND PROJECTION BASED ON CURRENT GROWTH PATTERNS |
| 5.8 | PEOPLE SUPPORTING CAPACITY AS A FUNCTION OF FARMLAND AREA: FOUR SCENARIOS |